Kinds of Punctuation
- End Marks (. ? !)
- Stroke (/)
- Commas (,)
- Brackets ( )
- Semicolons (;)
- Colons (:)
- Italics
- Quotation Marks (“…”)
- Apostrophes (‘)
- Hyphens (-)
- Dash (--)
- Omission mark (...)
End Marks [(.), (!), (?)]
•
The
term end marks refers to punctuation which appears at the end of
sentences. They are periods ( . ), question marks ( ? ), and exclamation (!)
1. A statement is followed by a
period.
Example: Pizza is my
favourite food.
2. A question is followed by a
question mark.
Example:
What time is it?
3. An exclamation is followed by an
exclamation point.
Example:
How clever you are!
4. An abbreviation is followed by a
period.
Examples:
Calif. Oct.
Fri. P.M.
Commas (,)
•
A
comma means a pause. It makes writing easier to understand.
1. Use commas to separate items in a
series. A series is
three or more items written one after another.
Examples:
–
December,
January, and February are summer months in the Southern Hemisphere.
[single words in a series]
–
The
delegates nominated one candidate, voted, and installed her in an
office. [verbs in a series]
–
There
were spots at the top, at the sides, and on the bottom. [phrases
in a series]
2. Use a comma to separate two or
more adjectives preceding a noun.
Examples:
–
Jupiter
is a large, strange planet.
–
David
Beckham played a powerful, brilliant game.
3. Use a comma before and, but,
or, nor, for, and yet when they join the parts of a compound
sentence.
Examples:
–
Betty
offered to get the tickets, and I accepted gratefully.
–
They
had been working very hard, but they didn’t seem especially tired.
4. Use commas to set of expressions
that interrupt the sentence.
Example:
–
Our
neighbour, Gita Gutawa, is a good singer.
Semicolons
(;)
1. Use a semicolon between the parts
of a compound sentence if they are not joined by and, but, or, and
yet.
Example:
–
After
school I went to the play station; then I studied in my room for an
hour.
2. A semicolon may be needed to
separate the parts of a compound sentence if there are commas within the parts.
Example:
–
I
wrote to Ann, Beth, and Meg; and Jean notified Terry and Sue.
Colons (:)
•
A
colon is a punctuation mark that usually signals that something is to
follow. The colon is never used directly
after a verb or a preposition.
1. Use a colon before list of items,
especially after expression like as follows and the following.
Example:
–
A
search showed that Jack’s pocket contain the following: a knife, half an apple,
a piece of gum, and a bottle of mineral water.
2. Use a colon between the hour and
the minute when you write the time.
Examples:
–
8:30
A.M., 10:00 P.M.
3.
Use a colon after a salutation of a business letter.
Examples:
–
Dear
Sir: Dear Mrs. Foster:
Italics
or Underlining (word or word)
1. Use italics (underlining) for
titles of books, periodicals, works of art, ships, and so on.
Examples:
–
Giants in the Earth is one of my favourite novel.
–
One
of the most famous movies ever made is Gone with the Wind.
Quotation Marks (“ ”) or Inverted commas (‘ ’)
•
When
a person’s exact words are used in writing, it is customary to use quotation
marks to show where the quotation begins and ends.
1. Use quotation marks to enclose a
direct quotation—a person’s exact words.
Example:
–
“When the
bell rings,” said the teacher, “leave the room quietly.”
2. A direct quotation begins with a
capital letter.
Example:
–
Maria
said, “The frame isn’t strong enough.”
3. When a quoted sentence is divided
into two parts by an interrupting expression (he said, mother asked, and
replied the principal), the second part begins with a small letter.
Example:
–
“The time
has come,” insisted the speaker, “to improve our educational
program.”
4. A direct quotation is set off
from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Example:
–
I
asked, “Who is your English teacher?”
5. A period or a comma following a
quotation should be place inside the closing quotation marks.
Example:
–
The
man replied, “I’m ready.”
Apostrophes (‘)
•
The
Apostrophes is used (1) to show ownership or relationship, (2) to show where
letters have been omitted in a contraction, and (3) to form the plurals or
numbers and letters.
1. The possessive case
The possessive case of a word shows ownership or relationship
•
To
form the possessive case of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an s.
Examples:
-
Kathleen’s desk -
a boy’s cap
-
Student’s notebook - the baby’s
toy
•
To
form the possessive case of a plural noun not ending in s, add an
apostrophe and an s.
Example:
-
mice’s tracks
-
children’s choir
•
To
form a possessive case of a plural noun ending in s, add only the apostrophe.
Example:
-
cats’ basket
-
the Carsons’ bungalow
2. Contractions
A
contraction is a word made by combining two words and omitting some letters. An
apostrophe takes the place of the letters that are left out.
Example:
–
there
is there’s
–
we
are we’re
–
they
have they’ve
–
is
not isn’t
When n’t is added to shall,
will, or can, the spelling of the verb changes.
Examples:
–
shall
not shan’t
–
will
not won’t
–
cannot can’t
Hyphens (-)
•
The
hyphens is used (1) to indicate that a word has been broken at the end of a
line and (2) to show that two or more words are being used together as
one. If there is not room for a whole
word at the end of the line, you may divide it with a hyphen. Dividing words at
the end of a line, however, should be avoided as much as possible.
1. Use a hyphen to divide a word at
the end of a line.
Example:
–
In
my opinion, this salad needs cu-
cumber.
2. Use a hyphen with compound
numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives.
Example:
–
There
are twenty-nine days in February.
Dash (--)
1. The function
of dash is to make a certain piece of information more stressful or more
dramatic, as in:
•
Do not forget—once again do not forget—to post
the letter today.
•
We—the students of the English
Department—practise speaking intensively.
•
The criminals robbed the bank—all the money was
taken.
2. A dash is
also used to introduce additional details in order to make a previous piece of
information clearer or more vivid. In this case, a dash is similar to that
is, viz or namely.
•
Indonesia lies between two oceans—the Pacific
and the Indian Oceans.
•
The kangaroo—the native animal of Australia—can
jump extremely quickly.
•
She plans to go to Singkep—a small island in
Riau Province.
Stroke (/)
•
This mark may be used to show alternatives; it
is often replaced by the word or.
Example
•
The lecturer wrote in his grammar book that the
verb to depend can be followed by the preposition upon/on.
•
To begin a formal letter, we may write Dear Sir/Madam
if we do not know who the receiver is.
Omission Marks (…)
•
The three dots may imply that omission occurs
there and then.
•
It is specially useful when we intend to quote
certain parts or words that somebody else has said or written.
•
The three dots might represent something
irrelevant or unnecessary.
•
The dots can take place at the beginning,
somewhere in the middle, or at the end of quotation.
Example
•
“Language … a set of rules … for communication,”
the definition read.
•
“The most important part of speech is the verb
…,” Hornby said.
•
“… two kinds of complements, namely, the subject
complement and the object complement,” they concluded.
Brackets ()
1.This
punctuation can indicate something optional, as in:
•
Could you help me (to) remove the box?
•
I want a spoon and (a) fork.
•
It is said that sound travels faster than light
(does).
2. Brackets can
also be used to show an after-thought or comment.
Example
•
The book said that when she was nineteen (in
fact she was twenty-one), she married the writer.
•
Next week’s meeting (as I was told) will be held
in the afternoon, not in the morning.
Exercises
- Are Anne Jack Daniel and Mark going to make a cake
- What a nice shirt it is
- Across the street behind the house and under the picnic table you will find the last Easter egg.
- How long has she been here
- The team played hard made lots of points but lost the game
- They know all about nutrition yet they eat unhealthy food
- She really likes singing sempurna
- Annie got up late and forgot to call her mother on Mother’s Day
- When my father goes to the market he always buys the following fruits vegetables and rice
- It is raining today therefore my pet snake cannot go
- 11. Have they had their breakfast
- 12. The president of America Barrack Obama visited Indonesia last year
- 13. We are going to go to the movie but we do not know what time it starts
- 14. Jumping skipping and hopping are what little children do best
- 15. A big blue and scary whale swam alongside our boat for several miles
- 16. Watch out
- 17. Henry got home kissed his wife got a cup of coffee and sat down to watch the game
- 18. Hello is my favorite English magazine
- 19. She goes home at 03 00 A M every day so she always gets bad marks.
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