Kamis, 13 Juni 2013

COMPLEX SENTENCES (WRITING)



Introduction
  A complex sentence contains one  independent clause and one (or more) dependent clause(s).
  In complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one. One important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause.
  There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.
  Since the adverbial clause is a dependent clause, it cannot stand alone. It must be combined with an independent clause to form complex sentence.
  An adverbial clause can come either before or after an independent clause.
  If it comes before an independent clause, a comma is placed after it.
Example:
  Because scientists are interested in the planets, they send spacecraft to orbit them.
Adverbial Clauses
  An adverbial clause is a dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator.
  It is used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tells  when (time), where (place), why (reason), for what purpose, how, how long, or how far. It is also used to show contrast: concession (unexpected result) and direct opposition.
Types of Adverbial Clauses
  Time
  Place
  Distance/Frequency
  Manner
  Reason
  Result
  Purpose
  Concession (unexpected result)
  Contrast (direct opposition)
Time
SUBORDINATORS
MEANING
EXAMPLE
When
At point in time/short duration
       When people had to hunt for food, they had continuous moderate exercise.
       People were eating a lot of protein while they were living  on farms.
       After people moved to urban areas, they  had less protein in their diet.
      Our eating habits changed as soon as food processing methods improved.
Whenever
At any time
While
At the same time/longer duration
As soon as
Immediately at or instantly after the time that
After
Following the time that
Since
From that time/moment
As
While/when
Before
Earlier than the time when
until
Up to the time of


SUBORDINATORS
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Where
A definite place
        Most people prefer to shop where they can be sure of quality.
        I usually stop for lunch anywhere that is handy.
        Everywhere I shop, I use my credit cards.
        Consumers usually prefer to do business wherever credit cards are accepted.
Anywhere
Anyplace
Wherever
Anyplace
everywhere
everyplace
Place

Distance and Frequency
SUBORDINATORS
MEANING
EXAMPLE
As + adverb +as
comparison
        Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can.
        She jogs on the beach as often as she can.

  Adverbial clause of distance answers the question “HOW FAR?”
  Adverbial clause of frequency answers the question  “HOW OFTEN?”
Manner
  Adverbial clause of manner answer s the question “HOW?”

SUBORDINATORS
MEANING
EXAMPLE
As
In the way or manner that/ like
        The demonstrators left as the police had ordered.
        Kathleen spoke as if (as though) she were an authority on the subject.
As if
As though

Result
  An adverbial result clause expresses the result of what is stated in the independent clause.

SUBORDINATORS
MEANING
EXAMPLE
So + adjective + that
With the result that
She is so beautiful that many boys  admire her so much.
The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for ways to cut costs.
The library is such a big place that I couldn’t find the book I needed.
There is  always so much noise in the dormitory that I can’t study there.
So + adverb + that
Such a(n) + noun phrase + that
So much/many/little/few + noun phrase + that

Jumat, 07 Juni 2013

TENSES

Use either the SIMPLE PRESENT or the PRESENT CONTINUOUS of the verbs in parenthese.
  1. i cant afford that ring. it (cost)___________ too much.
  2. look! it (begin)____________ to rain. unfortunately, i (have, not)________ my umbrella with me. tom is lucky, he (wear)_____________ a raincoat.
  3. i (own, not)__________ an umbrella. i (wear)__________ waterproof hat on rainy days.
  4. right now i (look)____________ around the classroom. yoko (write)__________ in her book. carlos (bite)_____________ his pencil. wan- ning (scratch)___________ his head. ahmad (stare)_________ out the window. he (seem)____________ to be daydreaming, but perhaps he (think)___________ hard about verb tense. what (think, you)_____________ ahmad (do)________?
  5. there's a book on my desk, but it (belong, not)_____________ to me.
  6. dennis (fix)____________ the roof of his house today, and he (need)_____________ some help. can you help him?
  7. barbara (tutor, often)_______________ other students in her math class. this afternoon she (help)__________ steve with his math assignment because he (understand, not)___________ the material they (work)____________ on in their class.
  8. right now i (look)__________ angry. i wonder what's the matter. she (have, not)____________ any fun right now.
  9. A: who is that woman who (stand)___________ next to the window? B: which woman? (talk, you)___________ about the woman who (wear)____________ the blue and gold dress? A: no, i (talk, not)____________ about her. i (mean)______________ the blue suit.
  10. A: close your eyes. now listen carefully. what (hear, you)____________? what (do, i)____________? B: i (believe)__________ you (rub)_____________ the top of your desk with your hand. A: close, but not exactly right. try again. (listen, you)__________ carefully? B: ahaa.... you (rub) your hands together. A: right.